Contents

• 1. Transmission Line

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  Objectives, Introduction, Transmission Line Parameters, Types of Transmission Mediums, Two-Wire Open Line, Cables, Coaxial Line, Waveguides, Losses in Transmission Lines, Copper Losses, Dielectric Losses, Radiation and Induction Losses, General Transmission Line Equation, Constants of Transmission Line, Important Properties of the Infinite Line, General Transmission Line Equation of Infinite Line, Reflection in the Finite Terminated Line, Disadvantages of Reflection, Reflection Coefficient, Standing Wave Concept, VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio), Measurement of VSWR, General Solution of a Line Terminated with any Impedance Contents, Input Impedance of a Line Terminated with any Impedance ZR, Open Circuit Line and Short Circuit Line, Open Circuit Line, Short Circuit Line, Equivalent Network for Transmission Line, Distortion Less Transmission Line, Condition for Minimum Attenuation, Coaxial Cable, Construction of a Coaxial Cable, Properties of Coaxial Cable, Transmission Line at Radio and Audio Frequency, Distribution of Voltage and Current in Loss Free Lines, Different Length Types of Transmission Lines, Half Wavelength Line (l/2 Line), Quarter Wavelength Line (l/4 Line), Numericals, Summary, Review Questions.
   
  2. Transmission Line Applications

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  Objectives, Smith Chart, Properties of Smith Chart, Applications of the Smith Chart, Impedance Matching Devices, The Quarter Wave Transformer, BALUN, Stub Matching, Single Stub Matching, Determination of ls and lt in Terms of Reflection Coefficient, Determination of ls and lt by Smith Chart, Double Stub Matching, Determination of ls1 and ls2 by Smith Chart, Measurement of Transmission Line Parameters, Attenuation Measurement, Test Equipment, Measurement of Insertion Loss, By Power Ratio Measurements with Calibrated Attenuation, By Impedance and Standing Wave Measurements, Impedance Measurement, The Measurement of Standing Wave Ratio, Open Wire Line, Cable, The Reflectometer, Measurement of Reflection Coefficient, Numericals, Summary, Review Questions.
   
  3. Attenuators and Filter

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  Objectives, Introduction, Expression of Attenuation in Neper and Decibel, Types of Attenuators, Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Two Port Networks, Symmetrical Two Port Networks, Asymmetrical Two Port Networks, Balanced and Unbalanced Attenuator, T-Network, Characteristic Impedance and Propagation Coefficient of a T-Section, Open and Short Circuit Impedance of a T Section, ?-Network, Characteristic Impedance and Propagation Coefficient of a ?-Section, Open and Short Circuit Impedance of a ? Section, Relationship between the Z0 of Symmetrical ? and T Networks, Image Impedance for Half Section, Open and Short Circuit Impedance for Half Section, Image Transfer Coefficient for Half Section, Symmetrical Lattice Section Attenuators, Characteristic Impedance and Propagation Coefficient of a Symmetrical Lattice Section, Bridged T-Section, Symmetrical Attenuator, Symmetrical T Section Attenuator, Symmetrical ? Section Attenuator, Attenuation between Unequal Impedance, L Section, Symmetrical Bridged T Attenuator, Symmetrical Lattice Attenuator, Asymmetrical Attenuators, Asymmetrical T Attenuator, Asymmetrical L-Attenuator, Asymmetrical ? Attenuators, Equalizers, Different types of Equalizers, Application of Equalizers, Series Equalizer, Shunt Equalizer, Bridged-T Equalizer, Bridged T-Phase or Delay Equalizer, Lattice Attenuation Equalizer, Lattice Phase Equalizer, Filters, Basic Filter Sections and Ideal Filter Characteristics, Active and Passive Filter, Characteristics of Filter, Uses of Filters, Ideal Filter Characteristic, Constant K Ladder Type Filter, Low Pass Constant K Filter Section, High Pass Constant K Filter Section, Band Pass Constant K-Filter Section, Band Stop-K Filter Section, Disadvantages of Prototype Filter Section, m-Derived Filter Section, m-Derived Low Pass Section, m-Derived High Pass Section, m-Derived Bandpass Filter Sections, m-Derived Band Elimination Filter, Lattice Filter Section, Numericals, Summary, Review Questions.
   
  4. Telephone Transmission

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  Objectives, Introduction, Telephone Network, Network Topology, Telephone System, Hierarchical Model of Telephone Systems, Telephone Instrument, Block Diagram of Telephone Set, Components of Telephone Instruments, Telephone Transmitter, Telephone Receiver, Voice Transmission, Subscriber Telephone Set, Transmission Bridges, Stone Transmission Bridge (Capacitive Coupling), Hayes Transmission Bridges (Inductive Coupling), Types of Telephone Instruments, Rotary Dial Telephone, Touch Tone Dial Telephone (Multi Frequency Dialling), Multichannel System, Co-Axial Cable System, Channel Equipment, Group Translation Equipment, Super Group Translation Equipment, Other Carrier System, 24 Circuit System, Two Wire/Four Wire Transmission, Two Wire Transmission, Four Wire Transmission, Operation of a Hybrid, Echos, Echo Suppressor, ECHO Suppressor Dissemblers, Echo Cancellor, Difference between Echo Suppressor and Echo Cancellor, Cross Talk, Telephone Numbering Plan, Area Code, Local Number, Standards, 800 Service, 900 Service, Dial Around Services, Requirements of Numbering Plan, Classes of Numbering Plan, Advantages of Digital Transmission of Data Over Analog Transmission, Telephone Traffic Definitions, General Characteristics of Telephone Traffic, The Unit of Traffic, A Mathematical Model, State Transition Diagram for N Trunks, Traffic Measurement, Subscriber Loop Design, Limiting Factors of Subscriber Loop Design, Subscriber Loop Design Techniques, Calculating the Resistance Limit, Calculating the Loss Limit, Numericals, Summary, University Questions.
   
  5. Automatic Telephony and Telegraphy

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  Objectives, Introduction, Trunking Principle, Selector Circuit, Grade of Service, Switching System, Classification of Switching System, Basics of Switching Systems, Basic Elements of Switching System, Functions of a Switching System, Definitions of Degeneration, Availability and Grading, Crossbar System, Basic Principle, Crossbar Switching Matrix, Blocking Configurations, Multistage Switching, At and T No. 5 Crossbar System, Important Features of No. 5 Crossbar System, Electronic Switching System, Types of Electronic Switching Systems, Block Diagram of Electronic Exchange, Difference between Manual Switching and Automatic Switching, Switching Exchange Tone, EPABX, Block Diagram of EPABX, Technical Roles of a PBX Are, Facilities, IP-PBX, Stored Program Control (SPC), Processing of a Local Call in SPC Exchange, Advantages of SPC Exchange, Facsimile, Internal Structure of Fax Machine, Facsimile Application, STD/ISD, Approaches to PCM Switching, Difference between STS and TST, Concept of Supervisory in Telephone Network, AC Signaling, Numericals, Summary, Review Questions.
   
  P. Paper