Contents

• 1. Introduction to Database Management Systems

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  Introduction, Need of DBMS, Purpose and Goals of DBMS, Database System Architecture, Users and Database Administrator, Query Processor, Storage Manager, Disk Storage, Data Model, Hierarchical Data Model, Network Data Model, Relational Model, The Entity Relationship Model (E-R Model), Object Based Data Model/Object Oriented (OO) Data Model, Concept of Keys, Primary Key, Candidate Key, Super Key, The Entity Relationship Model Components, Entity, Attributes, Values, Entity Sets, Relationship Sets, Participation, Role, Degree of a Relationship Set, Attributes Revisited, Constraints, Entity Relationship Diagram, E-R notations, Weak Entity Sets, Extended ER Features, Specialization, Generalization, Constraints on Generalization, Aggregation, Applications of DBMS, Review Questions.
   
  2. Database Design and Normalization

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  Database Design, Concept of Logical (Conceptual) Database Design, Concept of Physical Database Design, Theory of Normalization, Insertion Anomalies, Deletion Anomalies, Updation Anomalies, Functional Dependency (FD), Concept of Full Functional Dependency and Partial Functional Dependency, Closure, Armstrong Axioms, Minimal Cover, Normalization, The First Normal Form (1NF), The Second Normal Form, The Third Normal Form (3NF), Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) or 3.5 NF, Multivalued Dependencies (MVD), The Fourth Normal Form (4NF), Join Dependencies and The Fifth Normal Form (5NF) (Project-join Normal form or PJNF), Join Dependency (JD), Attribute Preservation, Definition (5NF), Denormalization, Data Abstraction (View of Data), Data Independence, Premitive & Composite Data Types, Review Questions.
   
  3. Relational Algebra & Relational Calculus

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  Introduction, Fundamental Operations of Relational Algebra, The Select Operation, The Project Operation, The Union Operation, The Set difference Operation, The Cartesian or Cross Product, The Rename Operation, Additional Relational Algebra Operations, The Set-intersection Operation, The Natural-join Operation, The Division Operation, The Assignment Operation, Extended Relational Algebra Operation, Generalized Projection, Aggregate Function, Outer Join, Modifications in the Database, The Deletion Operation, The Insertion Operation, The Updation Operation, Relational Calculus, Background Definitions, Tuple Relational Calculus, Domain Relational Calculus (DRC), Differences between TRC and DRC, Relational Algebra vs Relational Calculus, Review Questions.
   
  4. Query Languages-SQL

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  Introduction, The SQL Data Types, An Example Schema, DDL Commands in SQL, Integrity Constraints, Data Retrieval and Manipulation Commands in SQL (DML Commands), SQL Clauses, Basic Select Statement, Arithmetic Expressions, Row Selection, Comparison Operators, Logical Operators, Sorting of Results: (Using ORDER BY Clause), Set Operations, Aggregate Functions, Single Row Functions, Multirow Functions, Data Retrieval and Manipulation in Multiple Tables: Concept of Foreign Key, Nested Queries, Database Modification, Database Security: Data Control Language (DCL Statements), Assertions, Views, Advantages of a View, Limits of View, Database Application Development using Host Languages, Embedded SQL (Static SQL), Concepts for Embedding the SQL Statements, Embedded SQL Program Development, An Embedded SQL Example in C, Error Handling with SQL Code, Dynamic SQL, Dynamic SQL Concepts, Dynamic Statement Execution (Execute Immediate), Cursors, GL’s, Forms Generator, Report Writer, Stored Procedures, Triggers, JDBC, Review Questions.
   
  5. Internal Structure and Organization of Data

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  Introduction, Types of Computer Memories, Primary Storage, Secondary Storage, Tertiary Storage, Buffering of Disk Blocks, Managing Buffers, File Structures, Types of Files, Unstructured and Unsorted Files (Heap files), Sorted File, Indexing, Types of the Indices, The B-tree, The B+-tree, Insertion in B+ tree, Deletion from B+ tree, Advantages and Disadvantages of B-trees and B+ trees, Hash Tables & Hashing, Direct Address Tables, Hash Table, Different Hash Functions, Resolving Collision, Collision Resolution by Separate Chaining, Collision Resolution by Open Addressing, External Hashing, Dynamic Hashing, Extendible Hashing, Linear Hashing, Logical Relationship Among the Data, Multilist, Inverted List, Index Definition in SQL, Review Questions.
   
  6. Transaction Processing

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  Introduction, ACID Properties, Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability, Transaction State, Concept of Concurrency, Serializability, Final State Serializability, Conflict Serializability, View Serializability, Testing for Serializability (Test for Conflict Serializability), Recoverability, Recoverable Schedule, Cascadeless Schedule, Review Questions.
   
  7. Concurrency Control and Recovery

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  Introduction, Concurrency Control Schemes, Lock Based Protocols, Deadlock, Deadlock Prevention, Deadlock Detection and Recovery, Failure and Recovery, Failure Classification, Implementation of Recovery Concept, Log Based Recovery Scheme, Deferred Database Modification, Immediate Database Modification, Checkpoint, Shadow Paging Recovery Scheme, Recovery with Concurrent Transactions, Forward and Backward Searching in Log, Checkpoint for the Transactions Executing Concurrently, Recovery of Concurrent Transactions, Review Question.
   
  P. Paper