Contents

• Unit I Economic Operation of Power Systems: Introduction, system constraints, optimal operation of power systems. Input output, heat rate and incremental rate curves of thermal generating units. Economic distribution of load between generating units within a plant. Economic distribution of load between power stations, transmission loss equation. Introduction to unit commitment and dynamic programming.

  Unit II Power System Stability-I: Power angle equations and power angle curves under steady state and transient conditions. Rotor dynamics and swing equation (solution of swing equation not included), synchronizing power coefficient. Introduction to steady state and dynamic stabilities, steady state stability limit.

  Unit III Power System Stability-II: Introduction to transient stability. Equal area criterion and its application to transient stability studies under basic disturbances, critical clearing angle and critical clearing time. Factors affecting stability and methods to improve stability.

  Unit IV (i) Excitation Systems: Introduction of excitation systems of synchronous machines, types of excitation systems, Elements of various excitation systems and their control (functional block diagrams and their brief description)-DC excitation systems, AC excitation systems, brushless excitation system. (ii) Interconnected Power Systems: Introduction to isolated and interconnected powers systems. Reserve capacity of power stations, spinning and maintenance reserves. Advantages and problems of interconnected power systems. Power systems inter connection in India.

  Unit V (i) Tap Changing transformer, phase angle control and phase shifting transformer. Series compensation of transmission lines, location and protection of series capacitors, advantages and  problems. (ii) Introduction to power system security. (iii) Introduction to voltage stability.

   
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