Contents

• 1. Interference

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  Objectives, Introduction, Superposition, Basics of Interference, Types of Interference, Coherent Sources, Conditions for Interference of Light, Young’s Double Slit Experiment, Analytical Treatment of Interference of two Coherent Beams, Average Intensity and Energy Distribution, Double Slit Interference Experiment and Fringe Width, Illustrative Examples, Fresnel’s Biprism, Theory of Fringes, Experimental Set-up and Measurements, Illustrative Example, Determination of Thickness of Thin Transparent Sheet (Displacement of Fringes), Illustrative Examples, Interference by Division of Amplitude, Interference in Thin Film, Illustrative Examples, Interference by Wedge Shaped Films, Types of Fringes Exhibited by Thin Films, Illustrative Examples, Newton’s Rings, Newton’s Rings in Reflected Light, Newton’s Rings in Transmitted Light, Pattern of Newton’s Ring, Determination of Wavelength of Monochromatic Light using Newton’s Rings, Determination of Refractive Index of a Liquid by Newton’s Rings, Newton’s Rings with Both Surfaces Curved, Newton’s Rings with White Light, Newton’s Rings with a Bright Centre, Illustrative Examples, Michelson’s Interferometer, Formation of Fringes and Shapes of Fringes, Difference Between Newton’s Rings and Michelson’s Fringes, Applications of Michelson’s Interferometer, Illustrative Examples, Application of Interference, Antireflection (AR) Coatings, Multilayer Antireflection (AR) Coating, Dielectric Mirrors, Interference Filters, Testing of a Lens Surface, Revision at a Glance, Review Questions, Numericals.

   

  2. Polarisation

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  Objectives, Introduction, Experiment Verifying Polarisation (Optical Method), Some Important Definitions, Methods of Production of Polarised Light, Polarisation by Reflection, Polarisation by Refraction, Polarisation by Double Refraction, Polarisation by Selective Absorption (Dichrosim), Polarisation by Scattering, Illustrative Examples, Law of Malus, Nicol Prism, Calcite Crystal, Principle, Construction, Theory, Working, Limitations of Nicol Prism, Nicol Prism as Polariser and Analyser, Illustrative Examples, Huygen’s Theory of Double Refraction, Huygen’s Construction of Wavefront, Phase Retardation Plate, Quarter Wave Plate (QWP), Half Wave Plate (HWP), Elliptically and Circularly Polarised Light, Experimental Arrangement to Produce Elliptically and Circularly Polarised Light, Illustrative Examples, Detection and Analysis of Polarised Light, Action of Rotating Nicol, To Distinguish Between Elliptically and Partially Polarised Light, Distinction Between Quarter wave Plate, Plane Glass Plate and Half Wave Plate, Illustrative Examples, Optical Activity, Laws of Optical Activity, Fresnel’s Explanation of Optical Activity, Specific Rotation, Polarimeter, Construction, Working, Laurent’s Half Shade Polarimeter, Biquartz Polarimeter, Illustrative Examples, Revision at a Glance, Review Questions, Numericals.

   

  3. Diffraction

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  Objectives, Introduction, Definition, Conditions of Diffraction, Difference between Interference and Diffraction, Classification of Diffraction, Fraunhofer’s Diffraction Due to Single Slit, Experimental Diagram, Theory, Intensity Distribution of Diffraction Pattern, Diffraction Pattern, Width of Central Maximum, Fraunhofer’s Diffraction at Circular Aperture, Illustrative Examples, Plane Transmission Grating, Experimental Diagram, Theory, Intensity Distribution, Diffraction Pattern, Formation of Spectra by a Grating, Characteristics of Grating Spectra, Determination of Wavelength of Light by A Plane Diffraction Grating, Theory, Adjustments, Illustrative Examples, Resolving Power, Rayleigh Criteria of Resolution, Resolving Power of a Telescope, Resolving Power of a Plane Diffraction Grating, Illustrative Examples, Diffraction of X–Rays, Bragg’s Law, X–ray Spectrometer, Illustrative Examples, Revision at a Glance, Review Questions, Numericals.

   

  4. Elements of Material Science

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  Objectives, Introduction, Bonding in Solids, Ionic Bonding, Covalent Bond, Metallic Bond, Origin of Band Gaps in Solid, Classification of a Solid as Insulators, Semiconductors and Metals, Insulators, Semiconductors, Metals, Difference between Insulators, Semiconductors and Conductors, Semiconductors, Types of Semiconductors, Fermi Distribution Function f (E), Electrical Conductivity in Semiconductors, Determination of Energy Gap of Semiconductor, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Bragg’s Law, Derivation of Bragg’s Law, Bragg’s X-ray Spectrometer, Hall Effect, The Quantum Hall Effect, Revision at a Glance, Review Questions, Numericals.

   

  5. Special Theory of Relativity

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  Objectives, Introduction, Frame of Reference, Michelson-Morely Experiment, Explanation of the Negative Results, Illustrative Examples, Galilean Transformations, Illustrative Examples, Postulates of Special Theory of Relativity, The Lorentz Transformation, Illustrative Examples, Relativity of Length, Illustrative Examples, Time Dilation, Experimental Verification of Time Dilation, The Twin Paradox, Illustrative Examples, Relativity of Velocities (Relativistic Addition of Velocities), Illustrative Examples, Relativity of Mass: Variation of Mass with Velocity, Illustrative Examples, Relativistic Mass Energy Relation, Non Relativistic Kinetic Energy of Particle, Relativistic Energy Momentum Relation, Kinetic Energy Momentum Relation, Particle with Zero Rest Mass, Experimental Verification of Mass Energy Relation, Illustrative Examples, Revision at a Glance, Review Questions, Numericals.

   

  Practical Semester Ist

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  Fresnel’s Biprism, Newton’s Rings, Polarimeter, Diffraction Grating, Conversion of Glavanometer into Ammeter, Conversion of Glavanometer into Voltmeter, P-N Junction Diode, Thermo-Couple, Laser.

   

  P. Papers