Contents

• Chapter 1 : Basics of Environment.
  1.1 Environmental Pollution
  1.1.1 Pollutants
  1.2 Various Acts and Regulations for Environmental Protection
  Environmental Legislation in India
  1.3 Functional Concepts of Ecology
  1.4 Basics of a Species
  1.5 Population Growth Rate or Population Dynamics
  1.5.1 Population Growth Rate Equation
  1.6 Biodiversity.
  1.6.1 Types of Biodiversity
  1.6.2 Importance of Biodiversity
  1.6.3. Threats to Biodiversity
  Review Questions.
  Chapter 2 : Ecosystem
  2.1 Ecosystem
  2.1.1 Types of Ecosystem
  2.2 Functions of Ecosystem
  2.2.1 Functions of Natural Ecosystem
  2.2.2 Functions of Artificial Ecosystem
  2.3 Energy Flow in Economy
  2.4 One-way Flow of Energy: A Universal Phenomenon
  2.5 Ecological Pyramids.
  2.5.1 Pyramids of Energy Flow
  2.5.2 Pyramid of Numbers.
  2.5.3 Pyramid of Biomass
  2.6 Hydrological and Chemical Cycles in Ecosystem
  2.6.1 Water Cycle or Hydrological Cycle.
  2.6.2 Oxygen Cycle
  2.6.3 Carbon Cycle
  2.6.4 Nitrogen Cycle
  2.6.5 Sulphur Cycle.
  2.6.6 Phosphorus Cycle
  2.6.7 Nutrient Cycle
  Review Questions
  Chapter 3 : Water Pollution
  3.1 Water Pollutants
  3.1.1 Types of Water Pollutants or Impurities Present in Water
  3.2 Effects of Oxygen Demands
  3.2.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
  3.2.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
  3.3 Wastewater Management.
  3.3.1 Concept of Wastewater Treatment
  3.3.2 Necessity of Wastewater Treatment
  3.3.3 Objectives of Wastewater Treatment
  3.3.4 Collection and Conveyance
  3.3.5 Treatment and Disposal of Waste Water
  3.4 Water Quality in Lakes, Reservoirs and Groundwater
  3.4.1. Natural Lakes and Ponds
  3.4.2. Artifical Reservoirs
  3.4.3. Rivers and Streams
  3.4.4. Seawater
  3.4.5. Underground Water Sources
  3.5 Contaminant Transport
  3.6 Water Quality Standards
  3.6.1 Water Quality Parameters
  3.6.2 Importance of Water Quality Standards
  3.7 Self Cleaning Capacity of Streams and Water Bodies
  3.8 Rainwater Harvesting
  3.8.1 Methods of Rainwater Harvesting
  3.8.2 Advantages of Rainwater Harvesting
  3.9 Reuse and Saving in Use of Water
  3.9.1 Reuse of Water
  3.9.2 Saving in Use of Water
  Review Questions
  Chapter 4 : Solid Waste Management
  4.1 Classification of Solid Waste
  4.1.1 Garbage
  4.1.2 Rubbish
  4.1.3 Ash 
  4.1.4 Industrial Waste
  4.1.5 Demolition and Construction Waste
  4.1.6 Hazardous Waste.
  4.1.7 Biomedical Waste
  4.1.8 Agricultural Waste
  4.2 Collection of Solid Waste
  4.2.1 Community Storage Point
  4.2.2 Kerbside Collection
  4.2.3 Block Collection
  4.3 Transportation of Solid Waste
  4.3.1 Front Loaders
  4.3.2 Rear Loaders.
  4.3.3 Automated Side Loaders (ASL)
  4.3.4 Pneumatic Collection WCVs (Waste Collection Vehicles)
  4.3.5 Grapple Trucks
  4.3.6 Container Trucks
  4.3.7 Rail Haul
  4.4 Treatment and Disposal of Solid Waste
  4.4.1 Open Burning of Solid Wastes
  4.4.2 Dumping into Sea.
  4.4.3 Sanitary Landfilling of Solid Wastes
  4.4.4 Incineration of Solid Waste.
  4.4.5 Composting
  4.4.6 Disposal by Ploughing into Fields
  4.4.7 Disposal by Hog Feeding
  4.4.8 Salvaging
  4.5 On Site Sanitation
  4.6 Energy Interaction from Solid Waste
  4.6.1 Converting Waste Heat to Electricity
  4.6.2 Biogas
  Review Questions
  Chapter 5 : Air Pollution
  5.1 Introduction
  5.2 Air Pollutants
  5.3 Harmful Effects of Air Pollution
  5.3.1 On Human Health
  5.3.2 Effects on Plants and Animals
  5.3.3 Deterioration of Materials
  5.3.4 Effects on Climate
  5.4 Measures to Check Air Pollution
  5.4.1 Control of Gaseous Pollutants
  5.4.2 Devices to Control Particulate Contaminants
  5.5 Noise Pollution
  5.5.1 Adverse Effects of Noise Pollution
  5.5.2 Control of Noise Pollution
  5.6 Global Warming17
  5.6.1 Effects of Global Warming
  5.7 Ozone Layer Depletion
  5.7.1 Importance of Ozone Layer
  5.7.2 Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion
  5.7.3 Mechanism of Ozone Depletion
  5.7.4 Harmful Effects
  5.8 Acid Rain
  5.8.1 Chemical Reactions of Acid Rain
  5.8.2 Causes of Acid Rain
  5.8.3 Effects of Acid Rain
  5.9 Greenhouse Effect
  5.9.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
  5.9.2 Chlorofluorocarbons
  5.9.3 Methane (CH4)
  5.9.4 Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
  5.9.5 Ozone (O3)
  Review Questions
  Chapter 6 : Disaster Management.
  6.1. Understanding Disasters and Hazards and Related Issues Social
  and Environmental
  6.2. Types of Disaster
  6.2.1 Based on the Cause/Origin
  6.2.2 Based on the Speed
  6.2.3 Based on the Devastation
  6.3. Technical Terminology Involved
  6.4. Their Occurrence / Causes, Impact and Preventive Measures.
  6.4.1 Earthquake
  6.4.2 Tsunami.
  6.4.3 Landslide
  6.4.4 Volcanic Eruption
  6.4.5 Cyclones
  6.4.6 Floods
  6.4.7 Drought
  6.4.8 Forest Fires
  6.4.9 Cloud Burst
  6.5 Vulnerability of Indian Continent to Different Types of Disaster
  Review Questions
  Chapter 7 : Man-made Disasters.
  7.1 Chemical Disasters.
  7.1.1 Cause of Chemical Disasters.
  7.1.2 Effect of Chemical Disaster.
  7.1.3 Prevention and Control of Chemical Disaster
  7.2 Nuclear Hazards
  7.2.1 Sources of Radiation Exposure
  7.2.2 Sources of Radioactive Pollution
  7.2.3 Biological Effects of Radiation
  7.2.4 Protective Measures
  7.3 Power Break Downs.
  7.3.1 Causes of Power Failure
  7.3.2 Effects of Power Failure
  7.4 Traffic Accidents.
  7.4.1 Causes of Road Accidents
  7.4.2 Prevention from Accidents.
  7.5 Fire Hazards
  7.5.1 Causes of Fire
  7.5.2 Preventive Measures
  7.6 Component of Disaster Management.
  7.7 Study of Major Disasters.
  Review Questions